A clinician’s guide to trazodone as a sleep aid for insomnia, including how trazodone works at low doses, the typical dosage of trazodone for sleep, side effects, the evidence base, and when its use becomes a problem.
Clinically reviewed by Dr. Ponlawat Pitsuwan, Physician and Addiction Medicine Specialist, Phuket Island Rehab.
Trazodone is an antidepressant medication that is widely prescribed off-label as a sleep aid for insomnia. The typical dose of trazodone for sleep is 25 mg to 100 mg, taken 30 to 60 minutes before bed, much lower than the 150 mg to 300 mg or more used to treat depression. Trazodone works for sleep by blocking the serotonin 5-HT2A receptor and the histamine H1 receptor, producing sedation without the addictive potential of benzodiazepines or z-drug sleep medications. Common side effects of trazodone for sleep include morning grogginess, dry mouth, and orthostatic hypotension. The American Academy of Sleep Medicine does not recommend trazodone for insomnia in patients without depression, although it remains one of the most commonly prescribed sleep medications in primary care because of its low addiction potential and modest cost.
Why trazodone for sleep?
Trazodone is an antidepressant that has become one of the most commonly prescribed off-label sleep medications in the United States, the United Kingdom, and Australia. Trazodone is approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration only for major depressive disorder, but more than 60 percent of all trazodone prescriptions in the United States are now written for insomnia rather than for depression. The dosage of trazodone for sleep is dramatically lower than for depression: 25 mg to 100 mg at bedtime, compared with 150 mg to 400 mg per day in divided doses for the antidepressant indication. The low dose produces sedation through the histamine and serotonin receptors that are blocked even at sub-antidepressant doses, without producing the full antidepressant effect.
The rise of trazodone for sleep has paralleled the fall of benzodiazepines and z-drugs (zolpidem, eszopiclone, zaleplon) for chronic insomnia. Benzodiazepines such as alprazolam and temazepam carry well-documented dependence and tolerance problems with chronic use; z-drugs share much of the same risk profile, with the added concern of complex sleep behaviours such as sleep-driving. Trazodone, by contrast, does not produce significant tolerance or dependence at typical sleep doses, has no recognised addiction potential, and is much cheaper than newer prescription sleep aids. The trade-off is a thinner evidence base for chronic insomnia and a recognisable set of side effects that some patients find difficult to live with.
How trazodone works for sleep
Trazodone is a serotonin antagonist and reuptake inhibitor (SARI). At the high doses used for depression (150 mg to 400 mg per day), it produces an antidepressant effect by weakly inhibiting the serotonin transporter and blocking serotonin 5-HT2A receptors, which together raise serotonin signalling in a way distinct from the SSRIs. At the low doses used for sleep (25 mg to 100 mg at bedtime), the antidepressant pathway is largely unaffected, but the histamine H1 receptor blockade and the alpha-1 adrenergic receptor blockade produce sedation. The 5-HT2A receptor blockade also contributes to deeper, more restorative sleep architecture, with an increase in slow-wave sleep that distinguishes trazodone from benzodiazepines and z-drugs.
Trazodone is well absorbed orally and reaches peak plasma concentration in about one to two hours when taken on an empty stomach, or two to four hours with food. The clinical effect of trazodone for sleep typically begins within 30 to 60 minutes of dosing, peaks at two to three hours, and persists for six to eight hours. The elimination half-life is about five to nine hours, with active metabolites that can extend the duration of action in some patients. The effect of trazodone in the morning is what most patients experience as the side effect: a residual grogginess that takes one to two hours to fully clear, which is one reason morning timing of important tasks matters when starting the medication.
Dosage of trazodone for sleep
The typical starting dose of trazodone for sleep is 25 mg to 50 mg taken 30 to 60 minutes before bed. Some patients respond at 25 mg; others need 100 mg or occasionally 150 mg, although doses above 100 mg for sleep alone are uncommon and usually indicate the patient may benefit from a different sleep aid or from addressing underlying depression. The dose is usually started low and increased weekly in 25 mg or 50 mg increments based on response and tolerability. Trazodone is available in 50 mg, 100 mg, 150 mg, and 300 mg tablets; the 50 mg and 100 mg strengths are the standard sleep doses, and the higher strengths are mostly used for depression.
Trazodone for sleep should be taken on an empty stomach when possible, because food slows absorption and delays the sedative effect. The dose should be taken about 30 to 60 minutes before the intended sleep time. Patients who take it too early may feel sedated and fall asleep before bed; patients who take it too late may feel groggy in the morning. Most patients settle into a stable timing within the first week. The maximum effective dose for sleep is generally considered to be around 100 mg in most patients; higher doses do not produce reliably better sleep and increase the risk of side effects.
| Patient and indication | Typical starting dose of trazodone | Typical effective range | Maximum sleep dose |
|---|---|---|---|
| Adult, occasional insomnia | 25 mg at bedtime | 25 to 50 mg | 100 mg |
| Adult, chronic insomnia | 50 mg at bedtime | 50 to 100 mg | 150 mg |
| Adult, insomnia with depression | 50 to 100 mg at bedtime | Add to antidepressant | 150 mg for sleep, up to 400 mg total daily for depression |
| Older adult, insomnia | 25 mg at bedtime | 25 to 50 mg | 75 mg, monitor for orthostatic hypotension |
| Trazodone for depression | 150 mg per day in divided doses | 300 to 400 mg per day | 600 mg per day in some settings |
Trazodone side effects
The most common side effects of trazodone at sleep doses are morning grogginess, dry mouth, orthostatic hypotension (a drop in blood pressure on standing), dizziness, headache, and constipation. The morning grogginess is the side effect most patients find limiting; it usually improves over the first one to two weeks of consistent use but can persist in some patients. Orthostatic hypotension is more pronounced in older adults and patients on antihypertensive medications, and is the main reason for caution when prescribing trazodone for sleep in patients over 65. Dry mouth is uncomfortable but rarely a reason to discontinue.
Less common but clinically important side effects include cardiac arrhythmias, particularly QT prolongation in patients with underlying heart disease or on other QT-prolonging medications; priapism, a sustained painful erection that is a urological emergency and occurs in about 1 in 6,000 male patients on trazodone; and serotonin syndrome when combined with other serotonergic drugs, particularly monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs), tramadol, MDMA, or high-dose SSRIs. Trazodone may cause modest weight changes, sexual dysfunction less commonly than SSRIs, and rare cases of liver enzyme elevation.
Efficacy of trazodone for insomnia: the evidence
The efficacy of trazodone for insomnia in patients without depression has been examined in several systematic reviews and meta-analyses. Low-dose trazodone (25 mg to 100 mg) appears to improve sleep quality, sleep efficiency, and sleep duration modestly compared with placebo. The action of trazodone on sleep is primarily through histamine H1 blockade and serotonin 5-HT2A antagonism, producing improved sleep architecture with more slow-wave deep sleep. Compared with benzodiazepines, low-dose trazodone produces less daytime sedation tolerance, less rebound insomnia on stopping, and no recognised abuse liability. The systematic review evidence consistently shows that trazodone is a prescription medication with modest but real effects on sleep, especially in the first weeks of use. The effects of trazodone on sleep diminish slightly over months but do not appear to fully tolerate the way benzodiazepine effects do.
Many patients prescribed trazodone for insomnia report improved sleep quality, less subjective sleep disturbance, and an ability to sleep better than they did off the medication. A single dose at bedtime is typically all that is needed; low doses of trazodone are preferred over higher dosages because the side effect burden rises faster than the sleep benefit. A lower dose of 25 mg or 50 mg is often as effective as 100 mg for primary insomnia. Lower dosage strategies also reduce the morning grogginess that is the most common limiting side effect. Trazodone overdose is unusual but possible at very high doses; the toxicity is mostly cardiac (QT prolongation, arrhythmia) and CNS sedation rather than respiratory depression, which makes trazodone safer in overdose than benzodiazepines or opioids.
The mechanism of action of trazodone for sleep is dose-dependent. At higher doses, the serotonin transporter is inhibited and an antidepressant effect emerges; at lower dosages, only the histamine and 5-HT2A receptor blockade is present, which is enough for sedation but not for full antidepressant action. Patients with co-occurring depression and insomnia may be prescribed trazodone at 150 mg or more to capture both effects; patients with primary insomnia alone typically respond to 25 to 100 mg of trazodone at bedtime. Mg of trazodone matters because the side effect profile is dose-dependent. Sleep disorders other than primary insomnia, including obstructive sleep apnea, may not respond to trazodone alone, and sleep apnea may worsen with sedating medications. Trazodone for the treatment of insomnia in patients with sleep apnea should be approached cautiously.
Is trazodone effective for insomnia? The guideline position
Despite the evidence base, the official guideline position is mixed. The American Academy of Sleep Medicine’s 2017 clinical practice guideline for chronic insomnia in adults does not recommend trazodone as a treatment, citing limited and low-quality evidence. The American Academy of Sleep Medicine’s 2017 clinical practice guideline for the treatment of chronic insomnia in adults does not recommend trazodone as a treatment, citing limited and low-quality evidence. The guideline instead recommends cognitive behavioural therapy for insomnia (CBT-I) as first-line, with selected medications (zolpidem, eszopiclone, doxepin, suvorexant, ramelteon) as second-line for short-term use. A systematic review of trazodone for insomnia in patients without depression found modest improvements in sleep latency and total sleep time, but with substantial variability between studies and limited data on long-term use.
Despite the guideline position, trazodone for sleep remains one of the most prescribed sleep medications in primary care, partly because of its low addiction potential, partly because of its low cost as a generic, and partly because patients tolerate it. The evidence for trazodone is stronger in insomnia associated with depression, where the antidepressant and sleep-promoting effects can be addressed together at a single bedtime dose of 50 to 150 mg. Insomnia in patients with major depressive disorder responds well to trazodone, and many psychiatrists consider it the antidepressant of choice for patients with prominent sleep complaints. Patients prescribed trazodone for the treatment of insomnia should be informed of the off-label nature of the prescription and offered cognitive behavioural therapy for insomnia as a parallel intervention. Many patients describe improved sleep quality, faster sleep onset, and better continuity of sleep on trazodone, particularly when comorbid depression is present.
Patients should take trazodone exactly as prescribed and should not increase the dose without prescriber review. Take trazodone 30 to 60 minutes before bed for the best sleep onset effect. Most patients sleep better within a few nights of starting; the full benefit usually emerges over one to two weeks. Trazodone may cause morning grogginess that typically improves with time; trazodone may also cause dry mouth and orthostatic hypotension. The medication should be reviewed periodically; long-term use of trazodone is common but should be paired with non-pharmacological sleep work to allow eventual reduction or discontinuation. Some patients sleep better at very low doses of trazodone (25 mg) and do not benefit from higher dosages.</p>
Trazodone vs other sleep medications
Trazodone for sleep has advantages over benzodiazepines and z-drugs in three areas: low addiction potential, no significant tolerance over months of use, and preserved sleep architecture (deeper slow-wave sleep rather than the shallow sedation produced by benzodiazepines). The disadvantages are morning grogginess, orthostatic hypotension in vulnerable patients, and the modest evidence base for chronic insomnia. Compared with newer dual orexin receptor antagonists such as suvorexant and lemborexant, trazodone is dramatically cheaper but less precisely targeted. Compared with low-dose doxepin (3 mg or 6 mg), another antidepressant used at very low doses for sleep maintenance insomnia, trazodone is more sedating at onset but produces more morning carryover.
For comparison, melatonin is an over-the-counter option that helps with circadian phase shifts (jet lag, shift work) more than with primary insomnia. Diphenhydramine and doxylamine (over-the-counter antihistamines) produce sedation but also significant next-day grogginess and have anticholinergic effects that limit chronic use, particularly in older adults. Mirtazapine, another antidepressant used at low doses for sleep, can be an alternative when trazodone is not tolerated. The choice between sleep medications is individualised based on the patient’s specific sleep problem, co-occurring conditions, age, and previous response.
Common questions about trazodone for sleep problems
Patients who consider trazodone for sleep problems often ask whether the medication will help them sleep, how trazodone can help with sleep, whether it is one of the widely prescribed sleep aids worth trying, and what the trade-offs are with other sleep disorders treatments. Doctors who prescribe trazodone for insomnia in the United Kingdom and Australia generally do so off-label, with the same dose and timing as in the United States. Trazodone may help to improve your sleep when other measures have failed, and trazodone is often prescribed to patients who have not responded to sleep hygiene alone. Many patients describe getting to sleep faster on trazodone and a more continuous night of sleep. Trazodone in patients with depression-related insomnia is particularly likely to help. A trial of trazodone for a long time, meaning months to years, is common in primary care; some studies of trazodone in chronic use show sustained benefit, while others suggest a modest waning of effect over time. The advantages of trazodone over benzodiazepines and z-drugs are real but modest: lower addiction risk, preserved deep sleep, and lower cost.
Doctors prescribe trazodone for sleep issues in a wide range of patients, including those with insomnia, anxiety-related sleep disturbance, and depression-related sleep problems. To treat insomnia with trazodone, the dose is typically 25 to 100 mg taken at bedtime. To treat sleep disorders more complex than primary insomnia, including sleep apnea, trazodone is usually not appropriate. Trazodone may cause potential side effects including the morning grogginess and orthostatic hypotension described elsewhere; serious side effects such as priapism, QT prolongation, and serotonin syndrome are uncommon but recognised. Trazodone can cause cardiovascular effects in vulnerable patients and should be used with caution in those with structural heart disease. Patients should consider trazodone alongside non-pharmacological options such as cognitive behavioural therapy for insomnia rather than as a standalone solution. Stop taking trazodone if serious side effects occur and contact your prescriber. Good sleep is achievable for most patients with the right combination of medication, behavioural treatment, and sleep hygiene.
Stopping trazodone
Stopping trazodone is generally straightforward compared with stopping benzodiazepines or z-drugs. There is no recognised dependence syndrome from chronic trazodone use at sleep doses, and most patients can stop the medication abruptly without significant withdrawal. Some patients experience a few nights of rebound insomnia in the first week after stopping, particularly if they have been on the medication for years, but this typically resolves within two weeks. There is no risk of seizures, autonomic instability, or other significant medical complications from stopping trazodone.
Patients who have been on higher doses of trazodone (150 mg or more) or who have been using it for depression as well as for sleep should taper rather than stop abruptly, with a reduction of 25 mg to 50 mg every one to two weeks. Patients on trazodone alongside other psychotropic medications should consult their prescriber before stopping, because the timing of changes can affect the underlying mental health condition. The relapse risk for insomnia after stopping trazodone is reduced when CBT-I has been completed during the trazodone use, which is a useful pattern: use trazodone to break the immediate sleep crisis, address the underlying patterns with CBT-I, and then taper the medication.
Trazodone, alcohol, and the heavy-drinking patient
Trazodone and alcohol should not be combined. Both produce sedation and the combination produces deeper sedation than either alone. The cardiovascular effects of trazodone, particularly the orthostatic hypotension, are amplified by alcohol, with an increased risk of falls in older patients and patients on antihypertensives. Patients who are heavy drinkers, particularly those who use trazodone to sleep through alcohol-related insomnia, are using the medication for a problem that is at least partly driven by the drinking itself. Stopping or reducing the alcohol use typically improves sleep more than escalating the trazodone dose.
Many of the patients who arrive at our clinic have been on trazodone for sleep for years, and were never asked an honest question about their alcohol use. The pattern is consistent: a glass or two of wine in the evening, a trazodone at bedtime, a few hours of fragmented sleep, and an alcohol-related anxiety in the morning that has been attributed to insomnia rather than to the drinking. Treating the sleep without treating the drinking does not solve the problem. Any honest assessment of someone on chronic trazodone asks about alcohol from the first interview and takes the answer at face value.
Treatment at Phuket Island Rehab
Phuket Island Rehab provides residential treatment for patients whose sleep medication use has become entangled with alcohol use disorder, with co-occurring depression or anxiety, or with other substance use. Trazodone itself is not addictive at sleep doses, but the patients who arrive on chronic trazodone are often using it within a broader pattern that includes heavy drinking, benzodiazepine misuse, or unmanaged depression. Our medical team can manage the alcohol detox alongside any transition off other sedating medications, while continuing trazodone where appropriate or tapering it gradually as sleep improves with environmental change.
Therapy runs from day one. Patients work with our counsellors on the underlying anxiety, depression, or trauma history that often drives chronic insomnia, on the alcohol use that almost always accompanies long-term sleep medication use, on sleep hygiene and cognitive behavioural therapy for insomnia, and on building a recovery plan that does not require a daily sedating pill. Length of stay matters: residential programmes of 60 days or more are more effective than shorter interventions when the sleep problem is part of a broader substance use picture.
When sleep medication use has become more than occasional
Many patients who reach out to our team are not in obvious crisis. They are still working, still functional, still telling themselves that trazodone for sleep is a manageable habit. What has shifted is that the dose has crept up, the drinking has crept up, the morning anxiety has its own life now, and a night without the pill is unthinkable. They know how trazodone works. What they have stopped knowing is how to sleep without it.
If that pattern is familiar, a conversation with an addiction medicine specialist, a properly supervised period of sleep restructuring with CBT-I, and time away from the environment that has shaped the pattern are reasonable next steps. They are not a failure of sleep treatment. They are sleep treatment catching up with where the prescription has actually gone.
Evidence base for trazodone as a sleep medication
The evidence that trazodone improves sleep parameters in patients with insomnia comes from a mix of polysomnographic studies, randomised controlled trials, and large observational datasets. A 1994 study of trazodone in primary insomnia showed measurable improvement in sleep latency and total sleep time over two weeks. Subsequent polysomnographic effects of trazodone studies confirmed that low-dose trazodone (50 mg to 100 mg) increases slow-wave sleep and sleep continuity without reducing REM sleep as severely as some other sedatives. Trazodone for sleep disturbance in patients with major depression has the strongest evidence base; the off-label use of trazodone in primary insomnia without depression is less well studied. Patients who ask whether using trazodone is supported by evidence can be told that the data are strongest for short-term use in depression-related insomnia and that the data for chronic use of trazodone in non-depressed adults are weaker.
Compared with other treatment for insomnia such as zolpidem, eszopiclone, and the older benzodiazepine hypnotics, trazodone has a different risk profile. Z-drugs work faster and have stronger evidence in primary insomnia, but they carry abuse potential and the risk of complex sleep behaviours. Trazodone has a slower onset, a lower abuse profile, and broader use in clinical practice for patients with both mood symptoms and sleep symptoms. Treatment of insomnia in patients with a history of substance use disorder is one of the most common scenarios where prescribers reach for trazodone rather than a Z-drug. The use of trazodone to treat insomnia in this group has reasonable face validity even when the formal evidence base is modest.
Patients who ask does trazodone help with sleep should be told yes, in most cases, particularly when sleep onset is the problem. Trazodone to treat insomnia works most reliably for sleep initiation and for sleep maintenance in the first half of the night. Patients with early-morning wakening, a pattern more typical of severe depression, may need either a higher dose of trazodone or a different approach altogether. Trazodone help with sleep is most pronounced in the first weeks; tolerance to the sedative effect develops in some patients over months. Sleep disorders that do not respond to trazodone within a month should prompt a referral for a sleep study and a reassessment of the diagnosis. Patients who get to sleep more easily on trazodone but wake repeatedly should discuss the dosing pattern with the prescriber, because the half-life of trazodone may not match their pattern of awakenings.
Adverse effects and what to monitor
Adverse effects of trazodone at sleep doses are mostly mild but worth knowing. Morning sedation is the most common; the medication can produce a residual hangover effect that takes an hour or two to wear off. Dry mouth, dizziness on standing, and mild nausea occur in a minority of patients in the first weeks. Adverse effects that warrant a prescriber call include falls, persistent dizziness, irregular heart rhythm, or new visual changes. Trazodone can also produce orthostatic hypotension in older adults at any dose, and the risk of falls is higher in this group, particularly in the first weeks of treatment. Patients should sit up slowly from bed in the morning for the first month, particularly if they take blood pressure medication or have a history of dizzy spells.
Rare but serious adverse effects include serotonin syndrome (in combination with other serotonergic drugs), priapism (a prolonged painful erection, a medical emergency that affects men of any age but is most often reported in younger men), QT prolongation at higher doses, and hyponatraemia in older adults. The combination of trazodone with monoamine oxidase inhibitors is contraindicated. Patients on trazodone for sleep should monitor for any new symptoms that arrive after a dose change or after starting another medication, and should discuss any concerns with the prescriber rather than discontinuing trazodone abruptly. Discontinuation syndrome from trazodone is mild compared with SSRIs but can produce a few nights of rebound insomnia and morning anxiety; a brief taper of one or two weeks is usually sufficient.
Summary
Trazodone for sleep is an off-label use of an FDA-approved antidepressant. The typical dose for sleep is 25 mg to 100 mg taken 30 to 60 minutes before bed, much lower than the 150 mg to 400 mg used for depression. Trazodone works by blocking histamine and serotonin 5-HT2A receptors, producing sedation with preserved slow-wave sleep architecture and without the addiction potential of benzodiazepines or z-drugs. Side effects include morning grogginess, dry mouth, orthostatic hypotension, and rarely priapism. The American Academy of Sleep Medicine does not recommend trazodone for insomnia in patients without depression, but it remains widely prescribed because of its low cost, low addiction risk, and general tolerability. The alcohol use that often accompanies chronic insomnia is a major modifier of risk and should be addressed alongside the sleep problem.
As Dr. Ponlawat Pitsuwan puts it, “Trazodone is not the worst sleep medication a patient can be on. But a patient who has been on it for five years has almost certainly never been offered CBT-I, and almost certainly has alcohol use somewhere in the picture that nobody has asked about. The medication is not the problem. The pattern around it is.”
Frequently asked questions
What is the best dose of trazodone for sleep?
The typical dose of trazodone for sleep is 25 mg to 100 mg taken 30 to 60 minutes before bed. Most patients respond at 50 mg. Doses above 100 mg for sleep alone are uncommon and usually indicate the patient may benefit from a different sleep medication or from addressing underlying depression. Patients should start at 25 mg or 50 mg and increase in small increments under prescriber supervision.
Is trazodone addictive?
Trazodone is not addictive in the classical sense at sleep doses. It does not produce the tolerance or dependence that benzodiazepines or z-drugs produce, and stopping is generally straightforward without significant withdrawal. Patients can develop a reliance on trazodone for sleep, in the sense that they may have difficulty sleeping without it after years of use, but this is different from addiction. Trazodone is not a controlled substance and has no recognised abuse potential.
How long does it take for trazodone to work for sleep?
Trazodone for sleep typically begins to work within 30 to 60 minutes of taking the dose. The peak effect is at two to three hours, and the duration of sedation is six to eight hours. Some patients experience morning grogginess that takes one to two hours to clear after waking. The medication is generally taken 30 to 60 minutes before the intended sleep time on an empty stomach when possible.
What are the side effects of trazodone for sleep?
Common side effects of trazodone for sleep include morning grogginess, dry mouth, orthostatic hypotension, dizziness, headache, and constipation. Less common but important side effects include QT prolongation, priapism in male patients, and serotonin syndrome when combined with other serotonergic medications. Most patients tolerate sleep doses well, and morning grogginess typically improves over the first one to two weeks of consistent use.
Can you stop trazodone suddenly?
Trazodone at sleep doses can usually be stopped without a formal taper. Some patients experience a few nights of rebound insomnia in the first week after stopping, particularly if they have been on the medication for years, but this typically resolves within two weeks. Patients on higher doses (150 mg or more) or on trazodone for depression as well as for sleep should taper gradually under prescriber supervision.
Is trazodone better than Ambien for sleep?
Trazodone and Ambien (zolpidem) have different profiles. Ambien is more reliably hypnotic at standard doses but carries a recognised risk of dependence with chronic use, complex sleep behaviours, and rebound insomnia on stopping. Trazodone is less reliably hypnotic but has no recognised addiction potential and preserves sleep architecture better. The American Academy of Sleep Medicine prefers Ambien over trazodone for short-term insomnia but recommends neither for long-term use; cognitive behavioural therapy for insomnia is first-line for chronic insomnia regardless of medication.
Sources
U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Trazodone (Desyrel) prescribing information. https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cder/daf/
American Academy of Sleep Medicine. Clinical Practice Guideline for the Pharmacologic Treatment of Chronic Insomnia in Adults. J Clin Sleep Med 2017;13(2):307-349. https://aasm.org/clinical-resources/practice-standards/practice-guidelines/
National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (UK). Insomnia: drug treatment summary. https://cks.nice.org.uk/topics/insomnia/management/managing-long-term-insomnia/
Mendelson WB. A review of the evidence for the efficacy and safety of trazodone in insomnia. J Clin Psychiatry 2005;66(4):469-476.
Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. Treating Sleep Problems of People in Recovery From Substance Use Disorders. https://store.samhsa.gov/product/treating-sleep-problems-of-people-in-recovery-from-substance-use-disorders/sma14-4859
National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. Sleep, sleepiness, and alcohol use. https://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/sleep-sleepiness-and-alcohol-use
Trazodone | Desyrel | Oleptro | Serotonin antagonist and reuptake inhibitor (SARI) | Histamine H1 receptor | Serotonin 5-HT2A receptor | Alpha-1 adrenergic receptor | Insomnia | Sleep aid | Sleep medications | Off-label prescription | Major depressive disorder | Zolpidem (Ambien) | Eszopiclone (Lunesta) | Zaleplon (Sonata) | Suvorexant (Belsomra) | Doxepin (Silenor) | Mirtazapine | Melatonin | Diphenhydramine | Cognitive behavioural therapy for insomnia (CBT-I) | American Academy of Sleep Medicine | Orthostatic hypotension | QT prolongation | Priapism | Serotonin syndrome | Monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI) | Slow-wave sleep | National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism | Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration | NICE (UK) | Phuket Island Rehab